Nonviolent resistance

See also: Nonviolent revolution

Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence.

The Salt March on March 12, 1930

Nonviolent resistance advocates include Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, Andrei Sakharov, Martin Luther King, Jr, V¡clav Havel, and Lech WaÅäsa. In 2006 peace ethologist Judith Hand presented a strategy for abolishing war premised on using nonviolent resistance (A Future Without War: the Strategy of a Warfare Transition.).

From 1966 to 1999 nonviolent civic resistance has played a critical role in 50 of 67 transitions from authoritarianism.[1] Recently nonviolent resistance has led to the Rose Revolution in Georgia and the Orange Revolution in Ukraine. Current nonviolent resistance includes the Jeans Revolution in Belarus and the fight of the Cuban dissidents.

Many movements which promote philosophies of nonviolence or pacifism have pragmatically adopted the methods of nonviolent action as an effective way to achieve social or political goals. They employ nonviolent resistance tactics such as: information warfare, picketing, vigils, leafletting, samizdat, magnitizdat, satyagraha, protest art, protest music and poetry, community education and consciousness raising, lobbying, tax resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts or sanctions, legal/diplomatic wrestling, sabotage, underground railroads, principled refusal of awards/honours, and general strikes. Nonviolent action differs from pacifism by potentially being proactive and interventionist.

Contents

[edit] History of nonviolent resistance

Dates Region Main Article Summary Refs
BCE 470–391 China Mohism The Mohist philosophical school disapproved war. However, since they lived in a time of warring polities, they cultivated the science of fortification.
around AD 26–36 Judea Pontius Pilate Jews demonstrated in Caesarea to try to convince Pontius Pilate not to set up Roman standards, with images of the Roman emperor and the eagle of Jupiter, in Jerusalem (both images were considered idolatrous by religious Jews). Pilate surrounded the Jewish protesters with soldiers and threatened them with death to which they replied that they were quite willing to die rather than see the laws of the Torah violated.
Before 1500–1835 Chatham Islands, New Zealand Moriori The Moriori were a branch of the New Zealand Mäori that colonized the Chatham Islands and eventually became hunter-gatherers. Their lack of resources and small population made conventional war unsustainable, so it became customary to resolve disputes nonviolently or ritually. Due to this tradition of nonviolence, the entire population of 2000 people was enslaved, killed or cannibalized when 900 Mäori invaded the island in 1835. [2][3][4]
1819 England Peterloo massacre Famine and chronic unemployment, coupled with the lack of suffrage in northern England, led to a peaceful demonstration of 60,000–80,000 persons, including women and children. The demonstration was organized and rehearsed, with a "prohibition of all weapons of offence or defence" and exhortations to come "armed with no other weapon but that of a self-approving conscience". Cavalry charged into the crowd, with sabres drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. Newspapers expressed horror, and Percy Shelley glorified nonviolent resistance in the poem The Masque of Anarchy. However, the British government cracked down on reform, with the passing of what became known as the Six Acts.
1834–38 Trinidad End of Slavery in Trinidad The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, then the colonial power in Trinidad, first announced in 1833 the impending total liberation of slaves by 1840. In 1834 at an address by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Negroes began chanting: Pas de six ans. Point de six ans ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until the passing of a resolution to abolish apprenticeship and the achievement of de facto freedom. [5][6]
1838 USA Cherokee removal The Cherokee refused to recognize the fraudulent Treaty of New Echota and therefore did not sell their livestock or goods, and did not pack anything to travel to the west before the soldiers came and forcibly removed them. That ended tragically in the Cherokee trail of tears.
1860–1894, 1915–1918 New Zealand Tainui-Waikato Mäori King Täwhiao forbade Waikato Mäori using violence in the face of British colonisation, saying in 1881 "The killing of men must stop; the destruction of land must stop. I shall bury my patu in the earth and it shall not rise again ... Waikato, lie down. Do not allow blood to flow from this time on." This was inspirational to Waikato Mäori who refused to fight in World War I. In response, the government brought in conscription for the Tainui-Waikato people (other Mäori iwi were exempt), but they continued to resist, the majority of conscripts choosing to suffer harsh military punishments rather than join the army. For the duration of the war, no Tainui soldiers were sent overseas. [7]
1879–1880 New Zealand Parihaka The Mäori village of Parihaka became the center of passive resistance campaigns against Europeans occupying confiscated land in the area. More than 400 followers of the prophet Te Whiti o Rongomai were arrested and jailed, most without trial. Sentences as long as 16 months were handed out for the acts of ploughing land and erecting fences on their property. More than 2000 inhabitants remained seated when 1600 armed soldiers raided and destroyed the village. [8][9]
1908–62 Samoa Mau movement Nonviolent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule in the early 20th century. [10][11]
1919. 2.8, 3.1 Korea March 1st Movement This movement became the inspiration of the later Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's Satyagraha–resistance and many other non-violent movement in Asia. [12]
1919–22 Egypt Egyptian Revolution of 1919 A countrywide non-violent revolution against the British occupation of Egypt. It was carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad Zaghlul and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919. The event led to Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923.
1919–21 Ireland Irish Non-cooperation movement During the Irish War for Independence, Irish nationalists used many non-violent means to resist British rule. Amongst these was abstention from the British parliament, tax boycotts, and the creation of alternative local government, D¡il Courts, and police. [13]
1919–present Palestine Mubarak Awad
First Intifada
Third Intifada		 Palestinian groups have worked with Israelis and foreign citizens to organize civilian monitors of Israeli military activity in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Peace camps and strategic non-violent resistance to Israeli construction of Jewish settlements and of the West Bank Barrier have also been consistently adopted as tactics by Palestinians. Citizens of the Palestinian village of Beit Sahour also engaged in a tax strike during the First Intifada.
1920–22 British India Non-cooperation movement A series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Congress. In addition to bringing about independence, Gandhi's nonviolence also helped improve the status of the Untouchables in Indian society.
1923 Germany The Occupation of the Ruhr With the aim of occupying the centre of German coal, iron, and steel production in the Ruhr valley; France invaded Germany for neglecting some of its reparation payments after World War I. The occupation of the Ruhr was initially greeted by a campaign of passive resistance.
1930–34 British India Civil disobedience movement Nonviolent resistance marked by rejecting British imposed taxes, boycotting British manufactured products and mass strikes, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Congress.
1933–45 Germany German Resistance Throughout World War II, there were a series of small and usually isolated groups that used nonviolent techniques against the Nazis. These groups include the White Rose and the Confessional Church.
1940–43 Denmark Danish resistance movement During World War II, after the invasion of the Wehrmacht, the Danish government adopted a policy of official co-operation (and unofficial obstruction) which they called "negotiation under protest." Embraced by many Danes, the unofficial resistance included slow production, emphatic celebration of Danish culture and history, and bureaucratic quagmires.
1940–45 Norway Norwegian resistance movement During World War II, Norwegian civil disobedience included preventing the Nazification of Norway's educational system, distributing of illegal newspapers, and maintaining social distance(an "ice front") from the German soldiers.
1942 British India Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence.
1945–71 South Africa Defiance Campaign
Internal resistance to South African apartheid		 The ANC and allied anti-apartheid groups initially carried out non-violent resistance against pro-racial segregation and apartheid governments in South Africa.
1946–1958 Territory of Hawaii Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954 Following World War II, general strikes were initiated by the large working poor against racial and economic inequality under Hawaii's plantation economy. Movement members took over most of the government in 1954 and the State of Hawaii was established in 1959.
1955–68 USA African-American Civil Rights Movement
Chicano Civil Rights Movement
Mass protest in the United States		 Tactics of nonviolent resistance, such as bus boycotts, freedom rides, sit-ins and mass demonstrations, were used during the African American Civil Rights Movement. This movement succeeded in bringing about legislative change, and making separate seats, drinking fountains, and schools for African Americans illegal. [14][15]
1957–present USA Committee for Non-Violent Action Among the most dedicated to nonviolent resistance against the US arsenal of nuclear weapons has been the Plowshares Movement, consisting largely of Catholic priests, such as Dan Berrigan, and nuns. Since the first Plowshares action in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania during the autumn of 1980, more than 70 of these actions have taken place. [16][17][18]
1959–present Cuba Cuban opposition since 1959 There have been many nonviolent activists in opposition to Cuba's authoritarian regime. Among these are Pedro Luis Boitel (1931–1972), Guillermo Farias Hern¡ndez ("El Coco"), and Jorge Luis Garca Prez (known as Antnez), all of whom have performed hunger strikes. [19][20][21]
1968 Worldwide Protests of 1968 The protests that raged throughout 1968 were for the most part student-led. Worldwide, campuses became the front-line battle grounds for social change. While opposition to the Vietnam War dominated the protests, students also protested for civil liberties, against racism, for feminism, and the beginnings of the ecological movement can be traced to the protests against nuclear and biological weapons during this year. [22]
1970–81 France Larzac In response to an expansion of a military base, local farmers including Jos Bov and other supporters including Lanza del Vasto took part in nonviolent resistance. The military expansion was canceled after ten years of resistance.
1979 Iran Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution of 1979 or 1979 Revolution (often known as the Islamic Revolution), refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. [23]
1980–present Poland Solidarity
Orange Alternative		 Solidarity, a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Roman Catholic Church to members of the anti-communist Left, advocated non-violence in its members' activities. Additionally, the Orange Alternative offered a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. [24][25][26]
1986 Philippines People Power Revolution A series of nonviolent and prayerful mass street demonstrations that toppled Ferdinand Marcos and placed Corazon C. Aquino into power. After an election which had been condemned by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, over two million Filipinos protested human rights violations, election fraud, massive political corruption, and other abuses of the Marcos regime. Yellow was a predominant theme, the colour being associated with Corazon Aquino and her husband, Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., who was assassinated three years prior.
1987–90 The Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) Singing Revolution A cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing in The Baltic States. The movement eventually collected 4,000,000 people who sang national songs and hymns, which were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States, as local rock musicians played. In later years, people acted as human shields to protect radio and TV stations from the Soviet tanks, eventually regaining Lithuania's, Latvia's, and Estonia's independence without any bloodshed. [27]
1989 Czechoslovakia Velvet Revolution During the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Czechoslovak citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Russian troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog."
1989–90 East Germany Monday demonstrations in East Germany The Monday demonstrations in East Germany in 1989 and 1990 (German: Montagsdemonstrationen) were a series of peaceful political protests against the authoritarian government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) of East Germany that took place every Monday evening.
1990–91 Azerbaijan SSR Black January A crackdown of Azeri protest demonstrations by the Red Army in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. The demonstrators protested against ethnic violence, demanded the ousting of communist officials and called for independence from the Soviet Union.
2004–05 Israel Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 Protesters opposing Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 nonviolently resisted impending evacuations of Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Protesters blocked several traffic intersections, resulting in massive gridlock and delays throughout Israel. While Israeli police had received advance notice of the action, opening traffic intersections proved extremely difficult. Eventually, over 400 demonstrators were arrested, including many juveniles. Further large demonstrations planned to commence when Israeli authorities, preparing for disengagement, cut off access to the Gaza Strip. During the confrontation, mass civil disobedience failed to emerge in Israel proper. However, some settlers and their supporters resisted evacuation non-violently.
2004–2005 Ukraine Orange Revolution A series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.

[edit] See also

[edit] Publications

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ http://www.aforcemorepowerful.org/game/index.php
  2. ^ Diamond, Jared (1997) (book). Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 53. ISBN 9780393038910. http://books.google.com/books?id=kLKTa_OeoNIC&pg=PA53&dq=The+Moriori. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  3. ^ (book) Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. New Zealand Institute.. 1902. p. 124. http://books.google.com/books?id=gXcYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=The+Moriori#PPA124,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  4. ^ Rawlings-Way, Charles (2008) (book). New Zealand. Lonely Planet. p. 686. ISBN 9781741048162. http://books.google.com/books?id=loeJXTt7Rj0C&pg=PA683&dq=chatham+island#PPA686,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  5. ^ Littell, Eliakim; Littell, Robert (1846). The Living Age. Littell, Son and Co.. p. 410. http://books.google.com/books?id=z4EfAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA410,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  6. ^ Capadose, Henry (1845). Sixteen Years in the West Indies. T.C. Newby. http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Festivals/EmancipationDay_EyewitnessAccount.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  7. ^ http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/maori-in-first-world-war/resistence-to-conscription
  8. ^ James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II, 1922, page 478.
  9. ^ The Legacy of Parihaka
  10. ^ McCarthy, Ronald; Sharp, Gene; Bennett, Brad (1997) (book). Nonviolent action: a research guide. Taylor & Francis. p. 342. ISBN 9780815315773. http://books.google.com/books?id=XYK6uvOnoOMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA342,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  11. ^ Powers, Roger; Vogele, William; Kruegler, Christopher (1997) (book). Protest, Power, and Change. Taylor & Francis. p. 314. ISBN 9780815309130. http://books.google.com/books?id=jlRHZdWJlV4C&printsec=frontcover#PRA1-PA314,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  12. ^ http://www.koreafocus.or.kr/design2/layout/content_print.asp?group_id=102423
  13. ^ Hopkinson, Michael (2004) (book). The Irish War of Independence. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 13. ISBN 9780773528406. http://books.google.com/books?id=5e-uI55WN-gC&printsec=frontcover#PPA13,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  14. ^ Nashville Student Movemen ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
  15. ^ Arsenault, Raymond (2006) (book). Freedom Riders. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195136746. http://books.google.com/books?id=AeU-m7YHL6oC&dq=Freedom+Riders:+1961+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Justice&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=75ALSsiVJoiSswPF67HmAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#PPP1,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
  16. ^ Garrison, Dee (2006) (book). Bracing for Armageddon: why civil defense never worked. Oxford University Press US. p. 89. ISBN 9780195183191. http://books.google.com/books?id=n2aAnqDxSBQC&printsec=frontcover#PPA89,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  17. ^ Knopf, Jeffrey W. (1998) (book). Domestic society and international cooperation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 9780521626910. http://books.google.com/books?id=c01Xs99026UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA122,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  18. ^ Bennett, Scott (2003) (book). Radical pacifism. Syracuse University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 9780815630036. http://books.google.com/books?id=wDJ5vXmgyRgC&printsec=frontcover#PPA235,M1. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  19. ^ "Guillermo Farias ends seven-month-old hunger strike for Internet access". Reporters Without Borders. 1 September 2006. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16397. 
  20. ^ "Amnesty International USA–s Medical Action". http://cubacenter.org/en/get-involved/urgent-action. 
  21. ^ Prez, Jos Luis Garca (2005) (book). Boitel vive: Testimonio desde el actual presidio poltico cubano. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. pp. p7. ISBN 9789872112936. http://www.cadal.org/english/nota.asp?id_nota=1007. Retrieved 2009-05-0913. 
  22. ^ Rootes, Christopher. "1968 and the Environmental Movement in Europe." [1] Retrieved 02-2008
  23. ^ http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Books/AchievSec_Dec04/Martin.pdf
  24. ^ Steger, Manfred B (January 2004) (ebook). Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists. Routledge (UK). pp. p114. ISBN 0-415-93397-8. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=0415933978&id=VEcHo6QcIUwC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&sig=GWuOXmZbZewMdElsBsmhZh7uTFY. Retrieved 2006-07-09. 
  25. ^ Paul Wehr, Guy Burgess, Heidi Burgess, ed (February 1993) (ebook). Justice Without Violence. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. p28. ISBN 1-55587-491-6. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&visbn=1555874916&id=o8ipY9HVHmcC&dq=Solidarity+Poland+nonviolence&lpg=PA29&pg=PA28&sig=ot7HF0E-YXDJQ8_zMpuVSuvl8Ig. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
  26. ^ Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John (January 2001) (ebook). Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response. Xlibris Corporation. pp. p68. ISBN 0-7388-3864-0. http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
  27. ^ [2]



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