Marx & Engels Collected Works: Volume 35

Volume 35

Karl Marx
CAPITAL, Volume I


Preface to the First German Edition (Marx)7
Afterword to the Second German Edition (Marx)12
Preface to the French Edition (Marx)23
Afterword to the French Edition (Marx)24
Preface to the Third German Edition (Engels)27
Preface to the English Edition (Engels)30
Preface to the Fourth German Edition (Engels)37

Book I: The Process of Production of Capital

Part I: Commodities and Money
Chapter I Commodities45

Section 1. The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use Value and Value (the Substance Of Value and the Magnitude of Value)

45

Section 2. The Twofold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities

51

Section 3. The Form of Value or Exchange Value

57

A. Elementary or Accidental Form of Value

58

1. The Two Poles of the Expression of Value: Relative Form and Equivalent Form

58

2. The Relative Form of Value

59

(a.) The Nature and Import of This Form

59

(b.) Quantitative Determination of Relative Value

63

3. The Equivalent Form of Value

65

4. The Elementary Form Of Value Considered as a Whole

70

B. Total or Expanded Form of Value

73

1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value

73

2. The Particular Equivalent Form

74

3. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value

74

C. The General Form of Value

75

1. The Altered Character of the Form of Value

76

2. The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value, and Of the Equivalent Form

78

3. Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money Form

80

D. The Money Form

80

Section 4. The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof

81
Chapter II. Exchange94
Chapter III. Money, or the Circulation of Commodities103

Section 1. The Measure of Values

103

Section 2. The Medium of Circulation

113

a. The Metamorphosis of Commodities

113

b. The Currency of Money

124

c. Coin and Symbols of Value

135

Section 3. Money

140

a. Hoarding

140

b. Means of Payment

145

c. Universal Money

153
Part II: The Transformation of Money into Capital
Chapter IV The General Formula for Capital157
Chapter V Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital149
Chapter VI The Buying and Selling of Labour Power177
Part III: The Production of Absolute Surplus Value
Chapter VII The Labour Process and the Process of Producing Surplus Value187

Section 1. The Labour Process or the Production of Use Values

187

Section 2. The Production of Surplus Value

196
Chapter VIII Constant Capital and Variable Capital209
Chapter IX The Rate of Surplus Value221

Section 1. The Degree of Exploitation of Labour Power

221

Section 2. The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself

230

Section 3. Senior's "Last Hour"

233

Section 4. Surplus Produce

238
Chapter X The Working Day239

Section 1. The Limits of the Working Day

239

Section 2. The Greed for Surplus Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard

243

Section 3. Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation

251

Section 4. Day and Night Work. The Relay System

263

Section 5. The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century

270

Section 6. The Struggle for the Normal Working Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864

283

Section 7. The Struggle for the Normal Working Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries

302
Chapter XI Rate and Mass of Surplus Value307
PART IV: PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE
Chapter XII The Concept of Relative Surplus Value317
Chapter XIII Co-operation326
Chapter XIV Division of Labour and Manufacture341

Section 1. Two-fold Origin of Manufacture

341

Section 2. The Detail Labourer and his Implements

344

Section 3. The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture

347

Section 4. Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society

356

Section 5. The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture

364
Chapter XV Machinery and Modern Industry374

Section 1. The Development of Machinery

374

Section 2. The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product

389

Section 3. The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman

397

a. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children

398

b. Prolongation of the Working Day

406

c. Intensification of Labour

412

Section 4. The Factory

420

Section 5. The Strife Between Workman and Machine

430

Section 6. The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery

440

Section 7. Repulsion and Attraction Of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade

450

Section 8. Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry

462

a. Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour

462

b. Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries

464

c. Modern Manufacture

466

d. Modern Domestic Industry

468

e. Passage of Modern Manufacture, and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of This Revolution by the Application Of the Factory Acts to Those Industries

473

Section 9. The Factory Acts Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the Same Their General Extension in England

483

Section l0. Modern Industry and Agriculture

505
PART V: THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE and RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE
Chapter XVI Absolute and Relative Surplus Value509
Chapter XVII Changes Of Magnitude in the Price of Labour Power and in Surplus Value519

I. Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour Constant Productiveness of Labour Variable

520

II. Working Day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable

524

III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working Day Variable

526

IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour

527

(1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simultaneous Lengthening of the Working Day

528

(2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working Day

530
Chapter XVIII Various Formulae for the Rate of Surplus Value531
Part VI: Wages
Chapter XIX The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour Power into Wages535
Chapter XX Time Wages542
Chapter XXI Piece Wages550
Chapter XXII National Differences of Wages558
Part VII: The Accumulation of Capital
Chapter XXIII Simple Reproduction565
Chapter XXIV Conversion of Surplus Value into Capital578

Section 1. Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation

578

Section 2. Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale

584

Section 3. Separation of Surplus Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory

587

Section 4. Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division Of Surplus Value into Capital and Revenue Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced

595

Section 5. The So-called Labour Fund

604
Chapter XXV The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation607

Section 1. The Increased Demand for Labour Power that Accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remaining the Same

607

Section 2. Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it

616

Section 3. Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Population or Industrial Reserve Army

623

Section 4. Different Forms of the Relative Surplus Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation

634

Section 5. Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

642

(a) England from 1846 - 1866

642

(b) The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class

648

(c) The Nomad Population

657

(d) Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working Class

660

(e) The British Agricultural Proletariat

665

(f) Ireland

688
Part VIII: The So-Called Primitive Accumulation
Chapter XXVI The Secret of Primitive Accumulation704
Chapter XXVII Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land707
Chapter XXVIII Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament723
Chapter XIX Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer731
Chapter XXX Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital733
Chapter XXXI Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist738
Chapter XXXII Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation748
Chapter XXXIII The Modern Theory of Colonisation751

 

Notes and Indexes

Notes765
Name Index808
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature816
Index of Periodicals852

 

Illustrations

Title Page of the First German Edition of Volume I of Capital2
Marx's letter to Lachatre of March 18, 1872, the facsimile of which is given in the French edition of Volume I of Capital25
Title page of the first English edition of Volume I of Capital31

Two multipage sets of text were inadvertently omitted from the volume of the Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works (MECW) that contains Volume I of Marx’s Capital. In 2009, the Errata providing the missing pages will be distributed to libraries possessing the MECW . To view the Errata online, click here.

The text of volume I of Capital that can be found online in the Marx/Engels Collected Works section of the Marxists Internet Archive under volume 35 of the Collected Works does not have these pages missing. Before volume 35 had been printed, this text had been copied from the three-volume edition of Capital published in 1965 by Progress Publishers (Moscow), reprints of which were subsequently copublished by them with International Publishers (NY) and Lawrence &Wishart (UK). The text for the missing pages in this errata was taken from that edition.

Thanks to Erwin Marquit.